Energy Management Systems For Marseille Businesses: Reducing Costs And Environmental Impact – Striving for a Safer and Safer Workplace: Adoption and Human Factors Related to Adoption of AR/VR Glasses in Industry 4.0
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Energy Management Systems For Marseille Businesses: Reducing Costs And Environmental Impact
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Received: 27 March 2020 / Revised: 13 April 2020 / Accepted: 14 April 2020 / Published: 21 April 2020
Urban environments can be the key to sustainable energy in driving innovation and action. Urban areas account for a significant portion of energy use and associated greenhouse gas emissions. As the global urban population increases, the share of greenhouse gas emissions is likely to increase. In the near future, more than half of the human population will live in cities, so energy supply and demand management will become essential in urban environments. Developments such as the transition of electricity grids from centralized to decentralized systems, as well as the electrification of transportation and heating systems in buildings, will transform the urban energy landscape. Efficient heating systems, sustainable energy technologies and electric vehicles will be key to decarbonising cities. An overview of emerging technologies and concepts in the built environment is provided in this literature review based on four main areas, namely, aspects of energy demand, supply, storage and integration. The Netherlands is used as a case study to demonstrate evidence-based outcomes and the feasibility of innovative urban energy solutions, as well as supporting policies.
As more than half of the human population will live in an urban environment in the near future [1], energy supply and demand management will become essential. Although cities occupy only 3% of the Earth’s land, the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that urban areas use between 67% and 76% of global energy and produce about three quarters of global carbon emissions [ 2 ]. This share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is likely to increase as the global urban population increases. The global population is expected to exceed 9 billion by 2040 [3], and the United Nations projects that, by 2050, 6 billion people will live in cities (see Figure 1). Climate change poses a direct threat to the future survival of cities, with many high-density cities located in coastal areas, vulnerable to stormy weather and sea-level rise. Failure to invest in urban resilience could push an estimated 77 million urban dwellers into poverty by 2030 in a scenario of high climate impacts and uneven economic growth [4].
Developments such as the transition of power grids from centralized to decentralized systems, as well as the electrification of transportation systems and heating systems in buildings, will transform the current urban energy landscape. Efficient heating systems, sustainable energy technologies and electric vehicles will be key to decarbonising cities. Currently, a growing number of cities and communities are committing to 100% renewable energy targets, with decisive implications for (international) energy policies.
Pdf] Rural Electrification , Micro Finance And Micro And Small Business ( Msb ) Development
In this paper, recent technological advances and their applications in the urban energy context are reviewed. An overview of emerging energy technologies and concepts in the built environment is provided based on four main areas, namely, aspects of energy demand, supply, storage and integration. The Netherlands is used as a case study to demonstrate evidence-based outcomes and the feasibility of innovative urban energy solutions, as well as supporting policies.
A complete review of all technologies related to energy in the built environment is impossible, so some boundaries are set in this work. The focus is on emerging technologies that are expected to play an important role in energy transition in the short term and as energy carriers due to the many sensitive properties of electricity. Electrical energy can be generated from a variety of primary energy sources depending on geography and climate; Electricity is an efficient carrier at all stages from conversion to transmission and consumption and most end-uses of electrical energy are non-polluting. These properties make electricity the energy carrier of choice for the future. However, in this work, besides electricity as the main energy carrier used around the world, fuel (electricity-to-gas) and thermal (electricity-to-heat) technologies are also reviewed.
The topics highlighted are energy demand, including the integration of electric mobility into the power grid, energy generation in the built environment using photovoltaic (PV) systems, applied or integrated in building envelopes, and combined heat and power (CHP) systems, energy supply in smart grids, and Demand optimization, and the introduction of energy storage technologies such as distributed battery-based energy storage systems (BESS), geothermal energy storage and power-to-gas in the built environment for building applications. Seasonal energy storage technology.
Energy in the urban environment can be considered based on four main areas, namely, energy demand, supply, storage and integration aspects, as shown in Figure 2. The paper is structured according to these four areas, as follows: Energy demand is treated in Section 2, where the concepts of demand-side management (DSM), i.e. management of resources on the customer side of the meter, and demand response (DR) are introduced, followed by buildings New developments in energy efficiency. and electrification of space heating systems in buildings and transportation systems. In Section 3, an overview of distributed generation options is provided. Chapter 4 deals with energy storage technologies. In Section 5, aspects of integration are presented, namely, smart grids and information and communication technologies (ICTs). In Section 6, the Netherlands is used as a case study to demonstrate evidence-based findings and the feasibility of innovative urban energy solutions, as well as supporting policies. The paper concludes with a discussion in Section 7 and a conclusion in Section 8.
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In this section, the focus is on energy demand in urban environments. First, the concept of DSM is introduced, followed by emerging concepts related to electrification of heating systems in buildings and transportation systems. Note that DSM is broader than energy efficiency or load management and includes DR options such as resource management on the customer side of the meter, such as distributed generation, energy storage, controllable loads and other on-site resources [ 5 ]. Electric vehicles (EVs) can also be employed as energy storage/supply units. However, for classification purposes, it is the authors’ choice to present these topics in a unified chapter on energy demand and to draw links with energy supply and storage in later sections.
The issue of DSM has become more important than ever in recent years, in parallel with the further deregulation of the electricity sector and the increasing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources (RES). Nowadays, load shaping objectives under the concept of DSM can be classified into three categories: energy efficiency, self-consumption and DR (see Figure 3), in contrast to the earlier classification of DSM, where ‘strategic load augmentation’ replaced self-consumption. [6].
DR is a term used in economic theory to identify the short-run relationship between price and quantity when the actions and interactions of substitutes and complements are taken into account [6]. In the energy sector, DR programs are designed to incentivize end-users to change their short-term electricity consumption patterns by scheduling and equalizing instantaneous electricity demand [6]. DR mechanisms are used by electricity system planners, market parties and operators as a resource option for market optimization, balancing supply and demand and ensuring system security. DR has been recognized by academics and practitioners as a tool that allows responding to challenges
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