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“energy Storage Solutions: Paving The Way For A Reliable Grid”
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A Comparative Review of Different Energy Storage Technologies Used in Microenergy Harvesting, WSNs, and Low-Cost Microelectronic Devices: Challenges and Recommendations
By Amna Riaz Amna Riaz Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, 2 , Mahidur R. Sarker Mahidur R. Sarker Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 3, 4,* , Mohamad Hanif Md Saad Mohamed Hanif Md Saad Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 3 and Ramizi Mohamed Ramizi Mohamed Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1
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Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Kebangsan University, Malaysia, Bangui 43600, Malaysia
Industrial Engineering and Automotive, Campus de la Dehesa de la Villa, Nebrija University, Calle Pirineos, 55, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Received: June 7, 2021 / Revised: July 12, 2021 / Accepted: July 14, 2021 / Issued: July 26, 2021
This paper reviews energy storage systems in general and specific applications in low-cost micro-energy harvesting (MEH) systems, low-cost microelectronic devices, and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The development of electronic gadgets, low-cost microelectronic devices, and WSNs has increased the need for efficient, lightweight, and reliable energy storage devices. Current energy storage systems (ESS) have shortcomings in terms of self-discharge, energy density, life cycle and cost. Ambient energy sources are the best choice for energy sources, but the main challenge in harvesting energy from ambient energy sources is the instability of the energy sources. In many cases, due to the explosion of lithium batteries and the benefits that come with it, it is important to design devices that are more reliable and efficient than conventional batteries. This review paper focuses on the reliability and performance issues of electrical ESSs, and in particular details the technical challenges and proposed solutions of his ESS (batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid combinations of supercapacitors and batteries). explained to Currently, the main market for batteries is his WSN, but over the past decade, the world’s attention has turned to supercapacitors as a superior alternative to batteries. The main advantages of supercapacitors are light weight, volume, extended life cycle, turbo charge/discharge, high energy and power density, low cost, easy maintenance and no pollution. This study reviews supercapacitors as a better alternative to batteries in low-cost electronics, WSN and MEH systems.
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Electrical energy is very important to our life, and our life is completely dependent on it. Electrical energy makes life faster for everyone: faster manufacturing, faster transportation, and faster communication in industry. All of this has increased the demand for low-cost microelectronic devices [1, 2]. Research developments transform traditional electronics into portable electronics, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), and micro-energy harvesting (MEH) systems. WSNs utilize low-cost sensors to collect information from a monitored field and transmit this information to another location over a wireless network. Such applications include agricultural automation, medical implants, and various parameter (temperature, pressure, acceleration) sensing in automobiles [3, 4]. WSNs (networks of sensors), low-cost microelectronic devices, and MEH systems play an important role in ambient intelligence [5]. An ambient intelligence system is an electronic system that senses the presence of humans. This WSN technology not only collects and shares information from electronic devices around the world, but also eliminates human helplessness in difficult situations and reduces communication costs. Low-power circuit designs also significantly reduce the energy requirements of these networks [6]. Despite these developments, conventional batteries are still used as energy storage devices. In some situations, replacing these heavy batteries can be very problematic[7]. Various methods have been developed to harvest power from surrounding energy sources in order to make wireless networks self-sustaining. Ambient energy is a reliable and low-cost energy source for harvesting energy in such applications. Energy comes in many forms, including solar, wind, biomass, and heat. Ambient vibrational energy is a reliable source of energy for many applications in our lives [8, 9]. Figure 1 shows various renewable energy resources such as biomass, solar energy, geothermal energy, hydroelectric power and wind energy [10]. This paper focuses only on power in microelectronic devices, energy in WSNs (nodes and sensors), and energy generated by microenergy harvesters, i.e. low-power and low-cost applications. These are the energies that are abundant all around us and are easily available for free.
Figure 2 shows various energy harvesting techniques that harvest energy from the surroundings. Thermal energy converts thermal energy from the sun to raise the temperature of liquid (water), convert it to steam, and drive steam turbines to produce electrical energy [11].
Thermal energy is a renewable energy source. We are interested in micro-level energies, such as the thermal energy of solar waves and the thermal energy of the human body[12]. It is one of the greenest forms of energy. Radiant energy is a type of energy transmitted by particles or waves. The most common examples are X-rays, heat emitted from campfires, heat from microwave ovens, gamma rays, and electromagnetic radiation such as electricity [13]. In electromagnetic energy harvesting, the maximum power transfer to the load depends on the inductance, which can be used to tune resonance for peak power [14]. However, this energy harvesting makes it difficult to obtain maximum power when nonlinearities are added to the system [15]. The main applications of this technology are communications, radiometry, lighting and heating. Radiant heat transfer is lethal [16]. The electromagnetic radiation of fire can kill or injure passers-by and ignite combustible materials[17]. On the other hand, kinetic energy and potential energy are the mechanical energies of an object. Examples of kinetic mechanical energy include energy produced by light waves, energy produced by electricity, and energy produced by sound waves [18, 19, 20]. The main drawbacks of mechanical energy are safety concerns and the difficulty of transmitting energy over long distances [21].
Power is generated by a variety of technologies and resources, renewable or non-renewable, but the main problem is the generation of low-cost power and energy storage that overcomes the problems associated with traditional batteries (self-batteries). device design. -discharge, loss of electrolyte, nickel clogged with hazardous materials, burns faster, etc.). There are only three options for storing the generated energy: batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. Supercapacitors are currently considered the best energy storage option. Supercapacitors have more capabilities than conventional capacitors and secondary ion batteries [22, 23].
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The need for low-cost electricity has turned the world’s attention to renewable energy sources and his low-cost MEH. Capturing ambient free-ambient energy on a small scale to produce electrical energy is known as MEH. Some examples include small wind turbines, piezoelectric energy harvesting systems, photovoltaic systems, micro-hydro systems, and hybrid systems [24]. Low voltage electrical appliances are very common and convenient in our daily life. It uses voltages below 50 V. Low voltage is 48V, 24V and 12V. Various low voltage devices in our homes include doorbells, home security sensors, garage door operators, and more. In the grid, supercapacitors are the best choice for storage due to their temperature range, high energy density and fast charge/discharge. One important low-cost MEH is piezoelectric energy harvesting, which converts vibrational energy into electrical energy [25, 26, 27].
Efficient, reliable, and low-cost storage systems are needed for the additional generated energy [28]. This is one challenge, but getting that energy to consumers is another.
