“future-proofing Energy Infrastructure: Lessons From Recent Blackouts” – Electronic power conditioning and control of power generation and distribution are important aspects of smart grid.
The roll-out of smart grid technology also implies a fundamental restructuring of the electricity service industry, although common usage of the term focuses on technological infrastructure.
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Concerns about smart grid technology mostly focus on smart meters, the items enabled by them, and grid security issues.
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Smart grids can monitor/control residential devices that are non-critical during peak power consumption periods and return their functionality to non-peak hours.
At that time, the grid was a centralized unidirectional system of electric power transmission, power distribution and demand-driven regulation.
In the 20th century, local grids grew over time and were interconnected for economic and reliability reasons. By the 1960s, the electrical grids of developed countries had become very large, mature and highly interconnected, with thousands of ‘cotral’ generation power stations supplying electricity to main load ctres via high capacity power lines that were branched and split to supply power. Tire supply area to small industries and domestic users. The grid topology of the 1960s resulted in strong economies of scale: large coal-, gas-, and oil-fired power stations on the 1 gigawatt (1000 MW) to 3 gigawatt scale are still found to be cost-effective, because efficiency-boosting features that can be cost-effective only When stations become too large.
Power stations were strategically located near fossil fuel reserves (either the mines or wells themselves or near rail, road or port supply lines). The installation of hydroelectric dams in mountainous regions has also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid. Nuclear power plants were set up for availability of cooling water. Finally, fossil fuel-fired power stations were initially very polluting and were placed as far as economically possible from population centers if electricity distribution networks allowed. By the late 1960s, the electricity grid had reached the overwhelming majority of the population in developed countries, with only remote regional areas remaining ‘off-grid’.
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It was necessary to measure electricity consumption on a per-user basis to allow appropriate billing according to the (highly variable) consumption levels of different users. Due to limited data collection and processing capacity during the growth of the grid, fixed-tariff arrangements were generally put in place, as well as dual-tariff arrangements where nighttime power was charged at a lower rate than daytime power. The impetus for the dual-tariff system was lower nighttime demand. Dual tariffs have enabled the use of low-cost nighttime electrical power in applications such as ‘heat bank’ maintenance which helps ‘smooth’ daily demand and reduces the number of turbines that need to be shut down overnight. , thereby improving utilization and profitability of production and transmission facilities. The metering capacity of the 1960s grid meant technical limitations on the degree to which price signals could be propagated through the system.
From the 1970s to the 1990s, the number of power plants increased due to increasing demand. In some areas, electricity supply, especially during peak hours, has not kept up with this demand, resulting in poor power quality including blackouts, power cuts and brownouts. Increasingly, industry depended on electricity for heating, communications, lighting and terteinmot, and consumers demanded an ever-higher level of reliability.
By the 20th ctury, electricity demand patterns were established: domestic heating and air conditioning led to daily demand peaks met by an array of ‘peaking power generators’ that would only be turned on for a short time each day. The relatively low use of these peaking generators (typically, gas turbines were used due to their relatively low capital costs and fast start-up times), together with the redundancy required in the electricity grid, result in higher costs for electricity companies, which are passed on in the form of increased tariffs.
In the 21st century, some developing countries such as China, India and Brazil have pioneered smart grid deployment.
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Since the early 21st century, opportunities have emerged to take advantage of advances in electronic communications technology to address the constraints and costs of the electrical grid. Technical limitations of metering no longer force peak electricity prices to be averaged and sent to all customers equally. In parallel, growing concern about environmental damage from fossil-fueled power stations has led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy. Influent forms such as wind power and solar power are highly variable, and therefore require more sophisticated control systems to facilitate the connection of sources to an otherwise highly controllable grid.
Power from photovoltaic cells (and to a lesser extent wind turbines) has also, significantly, called into question the need for large, centralized power stations. The rapidly falling costs indicate a major shift from centralized grid topology to highly distributed, where energy is generated and consumed within the grid boundaries. Finally, growing concerns about terrorist attacks in some countries have led to calls for a more robust energy grid that is less deep on stratified power stations that are believed to be targets of potential attacks.
The first official definition of a smart grid was provided in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007), which was approved by the US Congress in January 2007, and signed into law by President George W. Bush in December 2007. The title provides a description of this Bill with its XIII features, which can be considered as a definition for Smart Grid, as follows:
“It is the policy of the United States to support the modernization of the nation’s electricity transmission and distribution system to maintain a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure that can meet future growth in demand and achieve each of the following, which together characterize a smart grid: (1) the electric grid; Increased use of digital information and control technologies to improve reliability, safety and efficiency. (2) Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources with full cyber-security. (3) Distributed resource deployment and integration and generation with recycled resources. (4) Demand response, Development and integration of demand-side resources and energy-efficiency resources. (5) Deployment of ‘smart’ technologies (real-time, automated, interactive technologies that optimize physical) metering, grid operation and status communication and distribution automation for appliances and consumers. Device operation (6) Integration of ‘smart’ appliances and consumer devices. (7) Deployment and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-shaving technologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles and thermal storage air conditioners. (8) Provision of timely information and control options to consumers. (9) Development of standards for communication and interoperability of equipment and devices connected to the electric grid, including the infrastructure serving the grid. (10) identifying and reducing unreasonable or unnecessary barriers to the adoption of smart grid technologies, practices and services.” European Union [edit]
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“A smart grid is an electricity network that can efficiently integrate the behavior and activities of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those who do – to ensure an economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high levels. Quality of supply and security and Security. A smart grid employs innovative products and services with intelligent monitoring, control, communication and self-healing technologies to: Simplify the connection and operation of generators of all sizes and technologies. Allows consumers to play a role in optimizing system operations. Provide consumers with more information and choice in how they use their supply. Significantly reduce the vironmental impact of the entire electricity supply system. Maintain or improve existing high levels of system reliability, quality and security of supply. Maintain existing services efficiently and improve.”
A common element in most definitions is digital processing and communication applications in power grids, data flow and information management in smart grids. The deeply integrated use of digital technology with the power grid results in various capabilities. Integration of new grid information is one of the key issues in the design of smart grids. Electric utilities now find themselves in three categories of transformation: improving infrastructure, called the Strong Grid in China; Addition of the digital layer, which is the essence of the smart grid; and business process transformation, requiring investment in smart technology. Much of the work going on to modernize the electrical grid, particularly substation and distribution automation, now includes the general concept of smart grids.
Smart grid technology evolved from earlier attempts to use electronic control, metering and monitoring. In the 1980s, automatic meter reading was used to monitor load from large customers and in the 1990s evolved into advanced metering infrastructure, whose meters could record how electricity was used at different times of the day.
Smart meters add continuous communication to enable real-time monitoring, and can be used as gateways to feedback-aware devices and “smart sockets” in the home. This is the primary form of demand side management technology
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