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Role Of Italy In World War 2
John Foot Professor of Modern Italian History, Department of Italian, University College London, London, England. Author of Milan from the miracle: city, culture and identity and others.
World War Ii Battles: Timeline
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While working for various trade union organizations in Switzerland, Benito Mussolini established himself as a charismatic personality and skilled rhetorician. Returning to Italy, he gathered a large following by working as an editor for the socialist magazine
. His political beliefs took a rightward turn in the midst of World War I, when he stopped denigrating the war effort and began supporting it. After the First World War he began to organize himself
—nationalist paramilitary forces known for wearing black shirts. These groups began carrying out campaigns of terrorism and intimidation against Italian left-wing institutions on his orders. In 1922 Mussolini and other fascist leaders organized a march on Rome with the intention of forcing the king to hand over the government to Mussolini. It worked and Mussolini was appointed prime minister that same year. By 1925 Mussolini had dismantled Italy’s democratic institutions and assumed the role of dictator, adopting the title Il Duce (“The Leader”).
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Benito Mussolini was the first European fascist dictator of the 20th century. But Mussolini’s political orientation was not always like this. His father was an ardent socialist who worked part-time as a journalist for left-wing publications. In his early overtures to politics, Mussolini’s beliefs took on those of his father: he spent time organizing with trade unions and writing for socialist publications in both Switzerland and Italy. Mussolini’s policies took a turn to the right in the midst of World War I, when he became a supporter of the war effort. It was during this period, and thereafter, that the nationalist and anti-Bolshevik strands of thought that would characterize his later politics began to emerge. These policies included the themes of racial superiority, xenophobia, and imperialism that defined his actions as a dictator.
, which was the bundle of wooden sticks topped with an ax head that the attendants of the ancient Roman authorities carried with them to distinguish their rank.
Benito Mussolini was the less dominant half of the Rome-Berlin axis, formalized by the 1939 Pact of Steel between him and Adolf Hitler. In the same year, World War II broke out between Germany and the rest of Europe, but Italy – whose resources were already stretched thin due to pre-existing economic problems and Mussolini’s conquest of Ethiopia in 1935 – was reluctant to join it. Anxious to lose rights to European lands captured by Hitler’s advance, Mussolini entered the war in 1940. Italy fared badly from the start, with ignominious defeats in North Africa, Greece and the Soviet Union. When the Allies landed in Sicily in 1943, Mussolini’s own government arrested him.
Benito Mussolini was born to a poor family in Predappio, a city in northeastern Italy. His father was a blacksmith who wrote part-time as a socialist journalist, and his mother was a devoutly Catholic teacher. As an adult, Benito Mussolini would have two wives and many mistresses. He had a son with his first wife, Ida Dalser, but eventually abandoned them and tried to hide them from the public eye. He would have five children, three boys and two girls, from another wife, Rachele Guidi. However, it was alongside his long-time lover, Clara Petacci, that he died. The two were executed in 1943 by Italian partisans as they tried to escape to Switzerland, and their bodies were hung upside down in Milan.
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Benito Mussolini, in full Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini, nickname Il Duce (Italian: “The Leader”), (born 29 July 1883, Predappio, Italy – died 28 April 1945, near Dongo), Italian Prime Minister (1922- 1943) and the first of the European fascist dictators of the 20th century.
Mussolini was the first son of the local blacksmith. In later years he expressed pride in his humble origins and often spoke of himself as a “man of the people.” The Mussolini family was, in fact, less humble than they claimed: his father, a part-time socialist journalist and blacksmith, was the son of a lieutenant in the National Guard, and his mother was a teacher. they were certainly poor. They lived in two crowded rooms on the second floor of a small, decrepit building; and, since Mussolini’s father spent much of his time discussing politics in taverns and most of his money with his mistress, the meals eaten by his three sons were often meager.
A restless child, Mussolini was disobedient, undisciplined and aggressive. He was a bully at school and moody at home. Since the village school teachers were unable to control him, he was interned at the strict Salesian order in Faenza, where he proved more annoying than ever, stabbing one of his classmates with a penknife and attacking one of the Salesians who had tried to beat him. He was expelled and sent to the Giosuè Carducci college in Forlimpopoli, from which he was also expelled after attacking another student with the penknife.
He was also intelligent and passed his final exams without difficulty. He obtained a teaching diploma and worked for a time as a school teacher, but soon realized that he was completely unsuited to that job. At age 19, a short, pale young man with a powerful jaw and huge, dark, piercing eyes, he left Italy for Switzerland with a nickel medallion of Karl Marx in his otherwise empty pockets. Over the next few months, by his own account, he lived day by day, hopping from job to job.
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At the same time, however, he was gaining a reputation as a young man with a strange magnetism and remarkable rhetorical skills. He read widely and voraciously, if not deeply, immersing himself in the philosophers and theorists Immanuel Kant, Benedict de Spinoza, Peter Kropotkin, Friedrich Nietzsche, G.W.F. Hegel, Karl Kautsky and Georges Sorel, choosing what he liked and discarding the rest, forming no coherent political philosophy of his own and yet impressing his comrades as a potential revolutionary with his unusual personality and striking presence. While earning a reputation as a political journalist and public speaker, he produced propaganda for a trade union, calling for a strike and advocating violence as a means of enforcing demands. Repeatedly, he called for a day of revenge. More than once he was arrested and imprisoned. When he returned to Italy in 1904, even Roman newspapers had begun to mention his name.
For some time after his return little was known about him. He again became a schoolmaster, this time in the Venetian Alps, north of Udine, where he lived, as he confessed, a life of “moral deterioration”. But soon tired of such an expensive life, he returned to union work, journalism and extreme politics, which once again led to his arrest and incarceration.
During a period of freedom, in 1909, he fell in love with sixteen-year-old Rachele Guidi, the youngest of the two daughters of his father’s widowed lover; she went to live with him in a cramped, damp apartment in Forlì and then she married him. Immediately after the wedding Mussolini was imprisoned for the fifth time; but by now comrade Mussolini had been recognized as one of the most gifted and dangerous among the young Italian socialists. After writing in a wide variety of socialist newspapers, he founded his own newspaper,
(“The class struggle”). This newspaper was so successful that in 1912 he was appointed editor of the official socialist newspaper,
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(“Avanti!”), whose circulation soon doubled; and as its anti-militarist, anti-nationalist and anti-imperialist editor, he firmly opposed Italy’s intervention in the First World War.
Soon, however, he changed his mind about the surgery. Influenced by Karl Marx’s aphorism that social revolution usually follows war and convinced that “the defeat of France would be a mortal blow to freedom in Europe”, he began writing articles and giving speeches in favor of war with the same violence of those in which he had previously condemned It. He resigned from
And was expelled from the Socialist Party. Financed by the French government and Italian industrialists, both in favor of the war against Austria, he took over the management
(“Il Popolo d’Italia”), in which he unequivocally stated his new philosophy: “From today on we are all Italians and nothing but Italians. Now that steel has met steel, a single cry comes from our hearts: Home Games and quizzes History and society Science and technology Biographies Animals and nature Geography and travel Art and culture Money Videos
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Although Mussolini understood that peace was essential to Italy’s well-being, that a long war could prove disastrous, and that he should not “march blindly with the Germans,” he was convinced that
