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“social And Environmental Dimensions Of Europe’s Energy Transition”

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By Víctor-Raúl López-Ruiz Víctor-Raúl López-Ruiz Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1, * , José-Luis Alfaro-Navarro José-Luis Alfaro-Navarro Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar 1 and Nevadomin-Pomin Peña Scilit Preprints. org Google Scholar 2
Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Plaza de la Universidad, 1, 02071 Albacete, Spain
Perceived Neighborhood Environment, Social Capital And Life Satisfaction Among Older Adults In Shanghai, China
Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ronda de Toledo, s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
Received: September 30, 2019 / Revised: October 24, 2019 / Accepted: October 28, 2019 / Published: October 30, 2019
The quality of life of citizens in a city is related to the sustainable decisions made by their leaders. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and taking an intellectual capital perspective (all sources of knowledge in the human, relational and structural domains), we explore which of the three dimensions used to measure a city’s sustainability – economic , social or environmental – has the greatest effect on a subjective measure of quality of life. We propose an econometric model based on a tangible production model to study the relationship between quality of life and sustainability. To this end, we conduct an in-depth examination of the different effects on the four dimensions that make up the measure of subjective quality of life: satisfaction, mobility, integration and public service. The results of the estimated quality of life model of citizens confirm the existence of a direct relationship for the 52 European cities under study; however, the least important role is played by the environmental dimension, which is still unappreciated by the citizens. Conversely, the economic and social dimension turns out to be decisive in all cases, except for social integration. Therefore, a key management requirement aimed at achieving sustainable development in European cities is the activation of the environmental dimension.
The conceptualization of the quality of life and sustainability of a territory, together with the analysis of the relationship between these concepts, has become a major focus of applied economics research, even for social and environmental policies [1]. In seeking to improve the quality of life of citizens, we must go beyond minimalist approaches limited to single variables, such as per capita income or gross domestic product (GDP), to include aspects such as the development of sustainable and smart planning [2]. In other words, citizens should have a good life but within the limits of this planet. In other words, we must consider whether countries, cities or regions meet the basic needs of their citizens (nutrition, health, shelter, etc.) at a globally sustainable level of resource use. Therefore, well-being is multidimensional and the economy is only one of its bases. The environment, social policy and good governance are essential pillars of a good quality of life and can be analyzed in terms of types of intangible capital or intellectual capital [3].
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Under such an approach, it should be considered that as governments, agencies, companies and individuals themselves seek to raise that standard of living, according to O’Neill et al. (2018) [2], achieving the mentioned objective may require the use of our planet’s resources between two and six times the level considered sustainable, based on current socio-economic relations. If we also take into account the United Nations (UN) forecast that the world’s population will increase to 9.7 billion by 2050 and to 11.2 billion by 2100, it can be seen that the challenge will become even greater in the future. if no efforts are made. to stabilize these figures.
However, this projected population growth tends to be concentrated in cities, with detrimental consequences for rural development, which are not the subject of this analysis, so sustainable urban development is key. In this regard, the studies of Yigitcanlar et al. (2008) [4] and Yigitcanlar et al. (2013) [5] asserted that knowledge plays a critical role in wealth creation for cities; Moreover, they asserted that one of the goals of these knowledge cities should be to achieve sustainability, while also maintaining a focus on improving the quality of life, the very qualities that define the governance and planning of a smart city.
This is how we can refer to the concept of green cities; that is, cities that seek to generate economic growth by reducing greenhouse gases, emissions, and pollution, thereby protecting the environment and biodiversity [ 6 , 7 ]. A similar concept is that of healthy cities, which strive to improve the quality of life of a population by ensuring sustainable development [8]. The main goal of knowledge cities is to achieve sustainability and increase the quality of life by improving the skills and knowledge of citizens, providing them with the necessary services and enriching their cultural life [4]. In short, these are smart cities where the strategic component is environmental, social and economic sustainability [9] and cities where criteria related to intellectual capital are greater than those related to economic development.
In this regard, Lever’s (2002) [10] study of 19 European cities showed a broad relationship between the quality of a city’s knowledge base—which includes tacit knowledge, codified knowledge, and knowledge infrastructure—and economic change. To assess a city’s capacity for sustainable growth, it is necessary to establish tangible and intangible measures of this economic, social and environmental space. This means taking into account aspects such as available human resources, quality of life, bureaucratic processes or conditions, trade, entrepreneurship, R&D, innovation, external image and environmental conditions [3]. In this regard, the intellectual capital approach is the best management tool for decision-making.
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Therefore, quality of life and sustainability are linked: quality of life can be considered to play a very important role in sustainable development, especially in relation to the social dimension. This means, the quality of life is affected by social conditions, as well as economic and environmental conditions. Thus, policies that negatively affect the quality of life of a citizen cannot be considered sustainable [11], but, likewise, sustainable development can positively or negatively affect the quality of life of an individual; for example, a sustainable transport system may mean that citizens have to use less private vehicles, which may be less attractive in terms of convenience, independence, etc. [12]. Thus, another aspect to consider is which elements affect quality of life and how they do so.
In short, personal well-being and sustainability are two concepts that are often linked. Indeed, living the highest possible quality of life in a sustainable environment can significantly improve happiness and health. Using a sample of 58 countries, Apergis (2018) [13] showed that greenhouse gas emissions have a significant effect on personal well-being. Therefore, the aim of this study was to address the relationship between quality of life and sustainability in cities to determine the extent to which achieving higher quality of life standards can be consistent with sustainable development. The approach to deal with all dimensions of sustainable development is intellectual capital, and we will prove that the least important dimension for the quality of life of citizens is the environment. For this purpose, the study analyzes the relationships between, on the one hand, subjective indicators of quality of life created using information from Eurostat surveys of European citizens with structural information for 79 European cities, (Flash Eurobarometer; technical specifications in [14 ]). , and on the other hand, a composite indicator that includes the three sustainability dimensions (economic, social and environmental) based on an intellectual capital approach for a total of 158 European cities [3].
Therefore, this research investigates the hypothesis of whether there is a direct relationship between the level of sustainability achieved in a city and the quality of life of its citizens. In an attempt to answer this question, we demonstrate the relationship between sustainability from an intellectual capital perspective and subjective measures of quality of life. These relationships are examined using an overall quality of life index and also through a detailed analysis of relationships with the various component dimensions. Thus,
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